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Clinical research: HBOT and PBMT

Evidence you can read yourself

Not all research is free (sorry, not our doing). Every "doi" below is a clickable link, and for paid articles you can usually read at least the abstract.

This list is always growing, and much of it is thanks to the great Dr. Jason Sonners of HBOT USA in Florham Park, NJ. He is a great resource for all things HBOT and has been central to educating up-and-coming clinicians. He has been an indispensable resource for us here at Integrated Hyperbarics, and we cannot thank him enough.

Photobiomodulation research Videos of HBOT and PBMT

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Inflammation flyerInflammation TBI and concussion flyerTBI and concussion Lyme disease flyerLyme disease Microbiome flyerMicrobiome Long COVID flyerLong COVID

Mechanism

  1. Bhutani S, Vishwanath G. Hyperbaric oxygen and wound healing. Indian J Plast Surg. 2012;45(2):316–324. doi:10.4103/0970-0358.101309
  2. Thom SR. Hyperbaric oxygen: its mechanisms and efficacy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127 Suppl 1:131S–141S. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181fbe2bf
  3. Thom SR. Oxidative stress is fundamental to hyperbaric oxygen therapy. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009;106(3):988–995. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91004.2008
  4. Gill AL, Bell CNA. Hyperbaric oxygen: its uses, mechanisms of action and outcomes. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 2004;97(7):385–395. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hch074
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Pain and inflammation

  1. Meng XE, Zhang Y, Li N, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen alleviates secondary brain injury after trauma through inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Med Sci Monit. 2016;22:284–288. doi:10.12659/msm.894148
  2. Dulai PS, Gleeson MW, Taylor D, et al. Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39:1266–1275. doi:10.1111/apt.12753
  3. Hui J, Zhang ZJ, Zhang X, et al. Repetitive hyperbaric oxygen treatment attenuates complete Freund's adjuvant-induced pain and reduces glia-mediated neuroinflammation in the spinal cord. J Pain. 2013;14(7):747–758.
  4. Li F, Fang L, Huang S, et al. Hyperbaric oxygenation therapy alleviates chronic constrictive injury-induced neuropathic pain and reduces tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. Anesth Analg. 2011;113(3):626–633.
  5. Choudhury R. Hypoxia and hyperbaric oxygen therapy: a review. Int J Gen Med. 2018;11:431–442. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S172460
  6. He H, Li X, He Y. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy attenuates neuronal apoptosis induced by traumatic brain injury via Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:369–374. doi:10.2147/NDT.S183632
  7. Wu HH, Huang CC, Chang CP, et al. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) reduces hepatic inflammatory and oxidative damage in a rat model of liver ischemia/reperfusion injury with hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning. Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:8096–8104. doi:10.12659/MSM.911641
  8. Thompson CD, Uhelski ML, Wilson JR, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment decreases pain in two nerve injury models. Neurosci Res. 2010;66(3):279–283.
  9. Oyaizu T, Enomoto M, Yamamoto N, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen reduces inflammation, oxygenates injured muscle, and regenerates skeletal muscle via macrophage and satellite cell activation. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1288. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19670-x
  10. Zhao BS, Meng LX, Ding YY, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment produces an antinociceptive response phase and inhibits astrocyte activation and inflammatory response in a rat model of neuropathic pain. J Mol Neurosci. 2014;53(2):251–261.
  11. Novak S, Drenjancevic I, Vukovic R, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of hyperbaric oxygenation during DSS-induced colitis in BALB/c mice include changes in gene expression of HIF-1α, proinflammatory cytokines, and antioxidative enzymes. Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:7141430. doi:10.1155/2016/7141430
  12. Hou S, Wu G, Liang J, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen on rehabilitation of brain tumors after surgery and effects on TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Oncol Lett. 2019;17(3):3277–3282. doi:10.3892/ol.2019.10000
  13. Di Sabato F, Rocco M, Martelletti P, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen in chronic cluster headaches: influence on serotonergic pathways. Undersea Hyperb Med. 1997;24(2):117–122.
  14. Bennett MH, French C, Schnabel A, et al. Normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for migraine and cluster headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3).
  15. Fosen KM, Thom SR. Hyperbaric oxygen, vasculogenic stem cells, and wound healing. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014;21(11):1634–1647. doi:10.1089/ars.2014.5940
  16. Kiralp MZ, Yildiz Ş, Vural D, Keskin I, Ay H, Dursun H. Effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome. J Int Med Res. 2004. doi:10.1177/147323000403200304
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Wound healing (P.S. everything is a wound)

  1. Health Quality Ontario. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a health technology assessment. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2017;17(5):1–142.
  2. Bhutani S, Vishwanath G. Hyperbaric oxygen and wound healing. Indian J Plast Surg. 2012;45(2):316–324. doi:10.4103/0970-0358.101309
  3. Hou S, Wu G, Liang J, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen on rehabilitation of brain tumors after surgery and effects on TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Oncol Lett. 2019;17(3):3277–3282. doi:10.3892/ol.2019.10000
  4. Perren S, Gatt A, Papanas N, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in ischaemic foot ulcers in type 2 diabetes: a clinical trial. Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2018;12:80–85. doi:10.2174/1874192401812010080
  5. Eskes AM, Ubbink DT, Lubbers MJ, Lucas C, Vermeulen H. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy: solution for difficult to heal acute wounds? Systematic review. World J Surg. 2011;35(3):535–542. Read it
  6. Adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy for healing of chronic diabetic foot ulcers: a randomized controlled trial. Read it
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TBI and concussion

  1. Harch PG. Systematic review and dosage analysis: hyperbaric oxygen therapy efficacy in mild traumatic brain injury persistent postconcussion syndrome. Front Neurol. 2022;13:815056. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.815056 Read it
  2. Harch PG, Andrews SR, Rowe CJ, Lischka JR, Townsend MH, Yu Q, Mercante DE. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for mild traumatic brain injury persistent postconcussion syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Med Gas Res. 2020;10(1):8–20. doi:10.4103/2045-9912.279978 Read it
  3. Mozayeni BR, Duncan W, Zant E, Love TL, Beckman RL, Stoller KP. The National Brain Injury Rescue and Rehabilitation Study: a multicenter observational study of hyperbaric oxygen for mild traumatic brain injury with post-concussive symptoms. Med Gas Res. 2019;9(1):1–12. doi:10.4103/2045-9912.254636 Read it
  4. Hadanny A, Catalogna M, Yaniv S, et al., Efrati S. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in children with post-concussion syndrome improves cognitive and behavioral function: a randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports. 2022;12:15233. Read it

Note: This study was the first ever to run a controlled trial of HBOT on children. Many parents refused to take part because there was a 50% chance their child would not receive the real treatment. That will be a limiting factor in producing more HBOT research on children, but we completely understand why they made that choice.

  1. Figueroa XA, Wright JK. Hyperbaric oxygen: B-level evidence in mild traumatic brain injury clinical trials. Neurology. 2016;87(13):1400–1406. Read it
  2. Wright JK, Zant E, Groom K, Schlegel RE, Gilliland K. Case report: treatment of mild traumatic brain injury with hyperbaric oxygen. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2009;36(6):391–399. (Two airmen with concussions from IED blasts.) Read it
  3. Stoller KP. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (1.5 ATA) in treating sports related TBI/CTE: two case reports. Medical Gas Research. 2011;1(1):17. (Great case reports with SPECT scans; cites many other good supporting references.) Read it
  4. Boussi-Gross R, Golan H, Fishlev G, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can improve post concussion syndrome years after mild traumatic brain injury: randomized prospective trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e79995. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079995
  5. Tal S, Hadanny A, Sasson E, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can induce angiogenesis and regeneration of nerve fibers in traumatic brain injury patients. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017;11:508. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00508
  6. Meng XE, Zhang Y, Li N, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen alleviates secondary brain injury after trauma through inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Med Sci Monit. 2016;22:284–288. doi:10.12659/msm.894148
  7. Vlodavsky E, Palzur E, Feinsod M, et al. Evaluation of the apoptosis-related proteins of the BCL-2 family in the traumatic penumbra area of the rat model of cerebral contusion, treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy: a quantitative immunohistochemical study. Acta Neuropathol. 2005;110(2):120–126.
  8. Hadanny A, Abbott S, Suzin G, et al. Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on chronic neurocognitive deficits of post-traumatic brain injury patients: retrospective analysis. BMJ Open. 2018;8(9):e023387. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023387
  9. Tsutsumi I, Tsujimoto Y, Takahashi S, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for persistent post-concussion syndrome following mild traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(7):CD012727. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012727
  10. Eve DJ, Steele MR, Sanberg PR, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as a potential treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder associated with traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:2689–2705. doi:10.2147/NDT.S110126
  11. Bar-Kochba E, Scimone MT, Estrada JB, Franck C. Strain and rate-dependent neuronal injury in a 3D in vitro compression model of traumatic brain injury. Scientific Reports. 2016;6:30550. doi:10.1038/srep30550
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PTSD

  1. Hyperoxygenation ameliorates stress-induced neuronal and behavioral deficits. Read it
  2. Eve DJ, Steele MR, Sanberg PR, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as a potential treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder associated with traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:2689–2705. doi:10.2147/NDT.S110126
  3. Harch PG, Andrews SR, Fogarty EF, et al. Case control study: hyperbaric oxygen treatment of mild traumatic brain injury persistent post-concussion syndrome and post-traumatic stress disorder. Med Gas Res. 2017;7(3):156–174. doi:10.4103/2045-9912.215745
  4. He H, Li X, He Y. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy attenuates neuronal apoptosis induced by traumatic brain injury via Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:369–374. doi:10.2147/NDT.S183632
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Microbiome

  1. Alenazi N, Alsaeed H, Alsulami A, Alanzi T. A review of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. International Journal of General Medicine. 2021;14:7099–7105. Read it
  2. Rossignol DA. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and analysis. Med Gas Res. 2012;2:6. Read it
  3. Frezza TF, de Souza ALR, Prado CCR, et al. Effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen for experimental treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni using praziquantel-free and encapsulated into liposomes: assay in adult worms and oviposition. Acta Trop. 2015;150:182–189. Read it
  4. Schmidt TM, Kao JY. A little O2 may go a long way in structuring the GI microbiome. Gastroenterology. 2014;147(5):956–959. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.025
  5. Nyabanga CT, Kulkarni G, Shen B. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic antibiotic-refractory ischemic pouchitis. Gastroenterology Report. 2017;5(4):320–321. doi:10.1093/gastro/gov038
  6. Albenberg L, Esipova TV, Judge CP, et al. Correlation between intraluminal oxygen gradient and radial partitioning of intestinal microbiota. Gastroenterology. 2014;147(5):1055–1063.e8. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.07.020
  7. Crabbé A, Jensen PØ, Bjarnsholt T, et al. Antimicrobial tolerance and metabolic adaptations in microbial biofilms. Trends in Microbiology. 2019;27(10):850–863. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2019.05.003
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Stroke

  1. Rosario ER, Kaplan SE, Khonsari S, et al. The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on functional impairments caused by ischemic stroke. Neurol Res Int. 2018;2018:3172679. doi:10.1155/2018/3172679
  2. Ostrowski RP, Stępień K, Pucko E, Matyja E. The efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen in hemorrhagic stroke: experimental and clinical implications. Arch Med Sci. 2017;13(5):1217–1223. doi:10.5114/aoms.2017.65081
  3. Efrati S, Fishlev G, Bechor Y, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen induces late neuroplasticity in post stroke patients: randomized, prospective trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53716. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053716
  4. Liska GM, Lippert T, Russo E, et al. A dual role for hyperbaric oxygen in stroke neuroprotection: preconditioning of the brain and stem cells. Cond Med. 2018;1(4):151–166.
  5. Hadanny A, Efrati S. Oxygen: a limiting factor for brain recovery. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):307. doi:10.1186/s13054-015-1034-2
  6. Hadanny A, Golan H, Fishlev G, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen can induce neuroplasticity and improve cognitive functions of patients suffering from anoxic brain damage. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2015;33(4):471–486. doi:10.3233/RNN-150517
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Dementia and Alzheimer's

  1. Harch PG, Fogarty EF. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for Alzheimer's dementia with positron emission tomography imaging: a case report. Med Gas Res. 2019;8(4):181–184. doi:10.4103/2045-9912.248271
  2. Qiang, Li Lan, Xiong Su-qin, Yan Yu-fen, Li Dan, Yan Na-na, Chen Hong-ping, Liu You-ping. Meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of hyperbaric oxygen as adjunctive therapy for vascular dementia. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2019;11:86. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00086
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Autism

  1. Rossignol DA, Bradstreet JJ, Van Dyke K, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment in autism spectrum disorders. Med Gas Res. 2012;2(1):16. doi:10.1186/2045-9912-2-16
  2. Rossignol DA, Rossignol LW, Smith S, et al. Hyperbaric treatment for children with autism: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. BMC Pediatr. 2009;9:21. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-9-21
  3. Xiong T, Chen H, Luo R, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;10:CD010922. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010922.pub2
  4. Rossignol DA, Rossignol LW. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may improve symptoms in autistic children. Medical Hypotheses. 2006;67(2):216–228. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.02.009
  5. Rossignol DA, Frye RE. Evidence linking oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation in the brain of individuals with autism. Frontiers in Physiology. 2014;5. Read it
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Cerebral palsy

  1. Efrati S, Ben-Jacob E. How and why hyperbaric oxygen therapy can bring new hope for children suffering from cerebral palsy: an editorial perspective. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2014;41(2). Read it
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Other neurological issues

  1. Holland NJ, Bernstein JM, Hamilton JW. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for Bell's palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(2):CD007288. Read it
  2. Nazario J, Kuffler DP. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and promoting neurological recovery following nerve trauma. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2011;38(5):345–366. PMID: 22013761. Read it
  3. Hu Q, Manaenko A, Xu T, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for traumatic brain injury: bench-to-bedside. Med Gas Res. 2016;6(2):102–110. doi:10.4103/2045-9912.184720
  4. Taghizadeh Asl M, Nemati R, Chabi N, et al. Brain perfusion imaging with voxel-based analysis in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients with a moderate to severe stage of disease: a boon for the workforce. BMC Neurol. 2016;16:79. doi:10.1186/s12883-016-0605-4
  5. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy alleviates the autoimmune encephalomyelitis via the reduction of IL-17a and GM-CSF production of autoreactive T cells as well as boosting the immunosuppressive IL-10 in the central nervous system tissue lesions. Read it
  6. Kiralp MZ, Yildiz Ş, Vural D, et al. Effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome. J Int Med Res. 2004;32(3):258–262.
  7. Oroglu B, Turker T, Aktas S, et al. Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on tense repair of the peripheral nerves. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2011;38(5):367–373.
  8. Hadanny A, Efrati S. Oxygen: a limiting factor for brain recovery. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):307. doi:10.1186/s13054-015-1034-2
  9. Vadas D, Kalichman L, Hadanny A, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen environment can enhance brain activity and multitasking performance. Front Integr Neurosci. 2017;11:25. doi:10.3389/fnint.2017.00025
  10. Hadanny A, Maliar A, Fishlev G, et al. Reversibility of retinal ischemia due to central retinal artery occlusion by hyperbaric oxygen. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016;11:115–125. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S121307
  11. Tal S, Hadanny A, Sasson E, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can induce angiogenesis and regeneration of nerve fibers in traumatic brain injury patients. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017;11:508. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00508

Sudden hearing loss: More than 60 treatment protocols have been described for sudden sensorineural hearing loss, but most of them are not effective. The three most promising are corticosteroids, vasodilators, and hyperbaric oxygen. Of these, only hyperbaric oxygen has enough randomized controlled trials to have a positive Cochrane meta-analysis review. The Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) lists it as an approved condition for HBOT, yet the FDA still does not. Follow the research, and find an HBOT clinic near you, especially within the first 3 days, when it is the most effective.

  1. Joshua TG, Ayub A, Wijesinghe P, Nunez DA. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;148(1):5–11. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2021.2685 Read it
  2. Ahn Y, Seo YJ, Lee YS. The effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in severe idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. J Int Adv Otol. 2021;17(3):215–220. Read it
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Autoimmune and inflammation

  1. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019;37 Suppl 116(1):81–89. Read it
  2. Hui J, Zhang ZJ, Zhang X, Shen Y, Gao YJ. Repetitive hyperbaric oxygen treatment attenuates complete Freund's adjuvant-induced pain and reduces glia-mediated neuroinflammation in the spinal cord. J Pain. 2013;14(7):747–758.
  3. Efrati S, Golan H, Bechor Y, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can diminish fibromyalgia syndrome: prospective clinical trial. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0127012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127012
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Anti-aging

  1. Fuller AM, Giardina C, Hightower LE, Perdrizet GA, Tierney CA. Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning protects skin from UV-A damage. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2013;18(1):97–107. doi:10.1007/s12192-012-0362-2
  2. Banszerus VL, Vetter VM, Salewsky B, König M, Demuth I. Exploring the relationship of relative telomere length and the epigenetic clock in the LipidCardio cohort. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(12):3032. doi:10.3390/ijms20123032
  3. Hadanny A, Daniel-Kotovsky M, Suzin G, et al., Efrati S. Cognitive enhancement of healthy older adults using hyperbaric oxygen: a randomized controlled trial. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(13):13740–13761. Read it
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Stem cells

New in 2023: a study showing that mild HBOT (soft chamber, room air) mobilizes stem cells in healthy people. This puts a big question mark over past studies that used mild HBOT as the "placebo" control, because it shows mild HBOT with room air does affect cell signaling and gene expression.

  1. Hyperbaric air mobilizes stem cells in humans; a new perspective on the hormetic dose curve. Frontiers in Neurology. 2023. Read it
  2. CD34+/CD45-dim stem cell mobilization by hyperbaric oxygen: changes with oxygen dosage. Read it
  3. Measurements of CD34+/CD45-dim stem cells predict healing of diabetic neuropathic wounds. (Shows those same stem cells matter for healing diabetic foot ulcers.) Read it
  4. Thom SR, Bhopale VM, Velazquez OC, et al. Stem cell mobilization by hyperbaric oxygen. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2006;290(4):H1378–H1386.
  5. Oyaizu T, Enomoto M, Yamamoto N, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen reduces inflammation, oxygenates injured muscle, and regenerates skeletal muscle via macrophage and satellite cell activation. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1288. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19670-x
  6. Liska GM, Lippert T, Russo E, et al. A dual role for hyperbaric oxygen in stroke neuroprotection: preconditioning of the brain and stem cells. Cond Med. 2018;1(4):151–166.
  7. Peña-Villalobos I, Casanova-Maldonado I, Lois P, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen increases stem cell proliferation, angiogenesis and wound-healing ability of WJ-MSCs in diabetic mice. Front Physiol. 2018;9:995. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00995
  8. Fosen KM, Thom SR. Hyperbaric oxygen, vasculogenic stem cells, and wound healing. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014;21(11):1634–1647. doi:10.1089/ars.2014.5940
  9. Milovanova TN, Bhopale VM, Sorokina EM, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen stimulates vasculogenic stem cell growth and differentiation in vivo. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009;106(2):711–728. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91054.2008
  10. MacLaughlin KJ, Barton GP, Braun RK, Eldridge MW. Effect of intermittent hyperoxia on stem cell mobilization and cytokine expression. Med Gas Res. 2019;9(3):139–144. doi:10.4103/2045-9912.266989
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Mitochondria

  1. Palzur E, Zaaroor M, Vlodavsky E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in brain injury is mediated by preservation of mitochondrial membrane properties. Brain Res. 2008;1221:126–133.
  2. Dave KR, Prado R, Busto R, Raval AP, Bradley WG, Torbati D, Pérez-Pinzón MA. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and delays onset of motor neuron disease in wobbler mice. Neuroscience. 2003;120(1):113–120. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00244-6
  3. Meyer JN, Hartman JH, Mello DF. Mitochondrial toxicity. Toxicological Sciences. 2018;162(1):15–23.
  4. Meyer JN, Leung MC, Rooney JP, et al. Mitochondria as a target of environmental toxicants. Toxicol Sci. 2013;134(1):1–17. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kft102
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General health

  1. Fife CE, Eckert KA, Carter MJ. An update on the appropriate role for hyperbaric oxygen: indications and evidence. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(3 Suppl):107S–116S. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000002714
  2. Thom SR. Oxidative stress is fundamental to hyperbaric oxygen therapy. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009;106(3):988–995. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91004.2008
  3. Fujita N, Ono M, Tomioka T, et al. Effects of hyperbaric oxygen at 1.25 atmospheres absolute with normal air on macrophage number and infiltration during rat skeletal muscle regeneration. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e115685. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115685
  4. Vadas D, Kalichman L, Hadanny A, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen environment can enhance brain activity and multitasking performance. Front Integr Neurosci. 2017;11:25. doi:10.3389/fnint.2017.00025
  5. Hink J, Jansen E. Are superoxide and/or hydrogen peroxide responsible for some of the beneficial effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy? Med Hypotheses. 2001;57(6):764–769.
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Fibromyalgia

  1. Efrati S, Golan H, Bechor Y, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can diminish fibromyalgia syndrome: prospective clinical trial. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0127012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127012
  2. Hadanny A, Bechor Y, Catalogna M, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can induce neuroplasticity and significant clinical improvement in patients suffering from fibromyalgia with a history of childhood sexual abuse: randomized controlled trial. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2495. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02495
  3. Efrati S, Hadanny A, Daphna-Tekoah S, et al. Recovery of repressed memories in fibromyalgia patients treated with hyperbaric oxygen: case series presentation and suggested bio-psycho-social mechanism. Front Psychol. 2018;9:848. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00848
  4. Yildiz S, Kiralp MZ, Akin A, et al. A new treatment modality for fibromyalgia syndrome: hyperbaric oxygen therapy. J Int Med Res. 2004;32(3):263–267.
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Lyme disease

  1. Treatment of Lyme disease with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (PDF). Read it
  2. Hyperbaric treatment for Lyme disease (Lyme People). Read it
  3. Hyperbaric oxygenation for Lyme vasculitis. Read it
  4. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as an effective adjunct treatment for chronic Lyme disease (PDF). Read it
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Other references

  1. Yttersian Sletta K, Tveitarås MK, Lu N, Engelsen AST, Reed RK, Garmann-Johnsen A, Stuhr L. Oxygen-dependent regulation of tumor growth and metastasis in human breast cancer xenografts. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0183254. Read it
  2. Alagoz T, Buller RE, Anderson B, et al. Evaluation of hyperbaric oxygen as a chemosensitizer in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer in xenografts in mice. Cancer. 1995;75(9):2313–2322. Read it
  3. Raa A, Stansberg C, Steen VM, Bjerkvig R, Reed RK, Stuhr LEB. Hyperoxia retards growth and induces apoptosis and loss of glands and blood vessels in DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors. BMC Cancer. 2007;7:23. Read it
  4. Moen I, Tronstad KJ, Kolmannskog O, Salvesen GS, Reed RK, Stuhr LEB. Hyperoxia increases the uptake of 5-fluorouracil in mammary tumors independently of changes in interstitial fluid pressure and tumor stroma. BMC Cancer. 2009;9:446. Read it
  5. Goyal A, Chonis T, Cooper JS. Hyperbaric cardiovascular effects. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2019. Read it
  6. PLoS One article. Read it
  7. Ait-Aissa K, Blaszak SC, Beutner G, et al. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation defect in the heart of subjects with coronary artery disease. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):7623.
  8. Jang S, Lewis TS, Powers C, et al. Elucidating mitochondrial electron transport chain supercomplexes in the heart during ischemia-reperfusion. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2017;27(1):57–69.
  9. Pahwa R, Jialal I. Chronic inflammation. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2019. Read it
  10. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th ed. Garland Science; 2002. Electron-transport chains and their proton pumps. Read it
  11. Sharma S, Kelly TK, Jones PA. Epigenetics in cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2010;31(1):27–36. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp220
  12. Gauldie J. Inflammation and the aging process: devil or angel. Nutr Rev. 2007;65(12 Pt 2):S167–S169.
  13. Hillary RF, Stevenson AJ, Cox SR, et al. An epigenetic predictor of death captures multi-modal measures of brain health. Mol Psychiatry. 2019.
  14. Banszerus VL, Vetter VM, Salewsky B, et al. Exploring the relationship of relative telomere length and the epigenetic clock in the LipidCardio cohort. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(12).
  15. Sullivan J, Mirbahai L, Lord JM. Major trauma and acceleration of the ageing process. Ageing Res Rev. 2018;48:32–39.
  16. Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW. Epigenetic drift is a determinant of mammalian lifespan. Rejuvenation Res. 2017;20(5):430–436.
  17. Harch PG. Hyperbaric oxygen in chronic traumatic brain injury: oxygen, pressure, and gene therapy. Med Gas Res. 2015;5:9. doi:10.1186/s13618-015-0030-6
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Photobiomodulation (light therapy) research

There is more and more research showing that IR light is responsible for charging the entire body to do the work it does. From the melanocortical pathway described by Jack Kruse, to its role as a stimulus for mitochondrial melatonin as described by Dr. Eric Berg, IR light is increasingly seen as an essential need for the human body to function, and even more so to operate at its best. Look through this list of topics on IR light, but know that there is far more than what appears here. If you have questions, or want to know more about light and quantum physics and how they work on the body, contact us and we will gladly nerd out about it in a way you can understand.

  1. 2022: Photobiomodulation therapy and the glymphatic system: promising applications for augmenting the brain lymphatic drainage system. Promising studies showing better brain waste removal with infrared light. Read it
  2. 2021: How deep does red and near-infrared light penetrate into the body? GembaRed's blog separates IR light manufacturers' marketing claims from the science of how deep light can penetrate. A great wrap-up of how red light works. The key point: the body was made to absorb IR light and deliver the energy to the rest of the body like a solar panel. Muscles, brain, and liver were never meant to be directly exposed to it, so IR light isn't supposed to go that deep. But the more time you spend absorbing the energy, the more you get. Read it
  3. 2019: Treatment of neurodegeneration: integrating photobiomodulation and neurofeedback in Alzheimer's dementia and Parkinson's: a review. Promising findings that infrared light therapy helps prevent nerve cells from dying. Read it
  4. 2016: Reiter RJ, et al. Melatonin as an antioxidant: under promises but over delivers. Journal of Pineal Research. Read it
  5. The influence of low-intensity laser irradiation versus hyperbaric oxygen therapy on transcutaneous oxygen tension in chronic diabetic foot ulcers: a controlled randomized trial. Read it
  6. 2016: Photobiomodulation or low-level laser therapy. Read it
  7. 2019: Applications of photobiomodulation therapy to musculoskeletal disorders and osteoarthritis with particular relevance to Canada. Read it
  8. 2016: Shining light on the head: photobiomodulation for brain disorders. Read it
  9. 2019: Therapeutic efficacy of home-use photobiomodulation devices: a systematic literature review. Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery. Read it
  10. 2019: Low level laser therapy for patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review. Read it
  11. 2015: The effects of grounding (earthing) on inflammation, the immune response, wound healing, and prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. (We know this isn't PBMT, but earthing, or grounding, provides the same electrons to your body as PBMT, so your energy cycles are fully charged and ready to work.) Read it
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PEMF and grounding research

Coming soon. We're gathering the best PEMF and grounding studies for this section. In the meantime, you'll find several key PEMF and grounding studies on our PEMF page, or call us and we'll talk through the research with you.

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Infrared sauna research

Coming soon. We're gathering the best far infrared sauna studies for this section. In the meantime, call us and we'll talk through the research with you.

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Questions about the research?

We read these studies. We apply them. If you want to understand how any of this research relates to your own goals, call us and we'll walk you through it. If you have research of your own to share, please reach out. We love to nerd out on this stuff.

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